Optimal Ensemble Control of Matter-Wave Splitting in Bose-Einstein Condensates

TL;DR

This paper develops a robust optimal control framework for matter-wave splitting in Bose-Einstein Condensates, accounting for experimental inhomogeneities to improve precision and reliability in quantum state transfer.

Contribution

It introduces a spectral ensemble control approach using Legendre moments to design robust optical pulses for BEC splitting, outperforming baseline methods.

Findings

Control functions achieve high-fidelity BEC splitting across inhomogeneity samples.

The spectral approach reduces computational complexity and enhances robustness.

Method demonstrates potential for precise quantum state manipulation in noisy environments.

Abstract

We present a framework for designing optimal optical pulses for the matter-wave splitting of a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) under the influence of experimental inhomogeneities, so that the sample is transferred from an initial rest position into a singular higher diffraction order. To represent the evolution of the population of atoms, the Schroedinger's equation is reinterpreted as a parameterized ensemble of dynamical units that are disparately impacted by the beam light-shift potential in a continuous manner. The derived infinite-dimensional coupled Raman-Nath equations are truncated to a finite system of diffraction levels, and we suppose that the parameter that defines the inhomogeneity in the control applied to the ensemble system is restricted to a compact interval. We first design baseline square pulse sequences for the excitation of BEC beam-splitter states following a previous study, subject to dynamic constraints for either a nominal system assuming no inhomogeneity or for several samples of the uncertain parameter. We then approximate the continuum state-space of the ensemble of dynamics using a spectral approach based on Legendre moments, which is truncated at a finite order. Control functions that steer the BEC system from an equivalent rest position to a desired final excitation are designed using a constrained optimal control approach developed for handling nonlinear dynamics. This representation results in a minimal dimension of the computational problem and is shown to be highly robust to inhomogeneity in comparison to the baseline approach. Our method accomplishes the BEC-splitting state transfer for each subsystem in the ensemble, and is promising for precise excitation in experimental settings where robustness to environmental and intrinsic noise is paramount.