Feasibility study to characterize the production of antineutrons in high energy $pp$ collisions through charge exchange interactions

TL;DR

This study investigates the feasibility of identifying and characterizing antineutrons in high-energy proton-proton collisions using charge exchange interactions, combining simulations to develop and test detection protocols.

Contribution

The paper introduces a novel simulation-based method for antineutron detection via charge exchange interactions in collider experiments, demonstrating its potential effectiveness.

Findings

Estimated 0.11% CEX interaction identification efficiency at 1 GeV

Final protocol achieves 0.006% efficiency based on observable pairs

Potential to identify ~100,000 antineutrons per second in experiments

Abstract

Simulations to evaluate the feasibility of $\bar{n}$ identification and kinematic characterization via the hadronic charge exchange (CEX) interaction $n+\bar{n}\rightarrow p+\bar{p}$ are reported. The target neutrons are those composing the silicon nuclei of which inner tracking devices present in LHC experiments are made. Simulations of $pp$ collisions in PYTHIA were carried out at different energies to investigate $\bar{n}$ production and the expected $\bar{n}$ energy spectra. Then, two types of GEANT4 simulations were performed, placing an $\bar{n}$ point source at the ALICE primary vertex as a working example. In the first simulation, the $E_k$ was kept at an arbitrary (1 GeV) fix value to develop an $\bar{n}$ identification and kinematics reconstruction protocol. The second GEANT4 simulation used the resulting PYTHIA at $\sqrt{s_{pp}}=13$ TeV $\bar{n}$ energy spectra. In both simulations, the occurrence of CEX interactions was identified by the unique outgoing $\bar{p}$. The simplified simulation allowed to estimate a 0.11% CEX-interaction identification efficiency at $E_k = 1$ GeV. The $p$ CEX-partner identification is challenging because of the presence of silicon nucleus-fragmentation protons. Momentum correlations between the $\bar{n}$ and all possible $\bar{p}p$ pairs showed that $p$ CEX-partner identification and $\bar{n}$ kinematics reconstruction corresponds to minimal momentum-loss events. The use of ITS $dE/dx$ information is found to improve $\bar{n}$ identification and kinematic characterization in both simulations. The final protocol applied to the realistic simulation resulted in a $\bar{n}$ identification and kinematic reconstruction efficiency of 0.006%, based solely on $\bar{p}p $ pair observable. Thus, the expected rate of identified and kinematically reconstructed $\bar{n}$ should lie in the order of 100,000 per second, illustrating the feasibility of the method.