Deep Quantum Graph Dreaming: Deciphering Neural Network Insights into Quantum Experiments

TL;DR

This paper applies an explainable AI technique called deep dreaming to neural networks trained on quantum optics data, revealing how the networks understand simple and complex quantum properties, including entanglement.

Contribution

It introduces the use of deep dreaming for interpreting neural networks in quantum physics, uncovering how they learn and represent quantum properties and structures.

Findings

Neural networks can shift quantum property distributions.

Deeper layers identify complex quantum structures and entanglement.

The approach enhances interpretability of AI in quantum science.

Abstract

Despite their promise to facilitate new scientific discoveries, the opaqueness of neural networks presents a challenge in interpreting the logic behind their findings. Here, we use a eXplainable-AI (XAI) technique called $inception$ or $deep$ $dreaming$, which has been invented in machine learning for computer vision. We use this technique to explore what neural networks learn about quantum optics experiments. Our story begins by training deep neural networks on the properties of quantum systems. Once trained, we "invert" the neural network -- effectively asking how it imagines a quantum system with a specific property, and how it would continuously modify the quantum system to change a property. We find that the network can shift the initial distribution of properties of the quantum system, and we can conceptualize the learned strategies of the neural network. Interestingly, we find that, in the first layers, the neural network identifies simple properties, while in the deeper ones, it can identify complex quantum structures and even quantum entanglement. This is in reminiscence of long-understood properties known in computer vision, which we now identify in a complex natural science task. Our approach could be useful in a more interpretable way to develop new advanced AI-based scientific discovery techniques in quantum physics.