Optoelectronic and Transport Properties of Vacancy Ordered Double Perovskite Halides: A First-principles Study

TL;DR

This study uses first-principles calculations to identify stable, lead-free vacancy ordered double perovskites with promising optoelectronic properties for solar energy applications, highlighting their stability, band gaps, and charge transport characteristics.

Contribution

It systematically analyzes the stability, electronic structure, and transport properties of selected VODP compounds, identifying promising candidates for optoelectronic devices.

Findings

Six compounds have ideal visible-range band gaps.

High optical absorption enhances potential efficiency.

Polar optical phonon scattering limits mobility.

Abstract

In the search for stable lead (Pb) free perovskites, Vacancy ordered double perovskite (VODP), A$_2$BX$_6$ has emerged as a promising class of materials for solar harvesting owing to their nontoxicity, better stability, and unique optoelectronic properties. Here, we present the stability and the key physical attributes of few selected compounds in a systematic manner using state-of-the-art first-principle calculations. A careful structural and stability analysis via simulating convex hull and compositional phase diagrams for different structural prototypes discloses 14 stable and 1 metastable compounds in this class. The electronic structure calculations using hybrid functional reveals six compounds to acquire band gap in the ideal visible region. These six compounds, namely Cs$_2$SnI$_6$, Cs$_2$PdI$_6$, Cs$_2$TeI$_6$, Cs$_2$TiI$_6$, Cs$_2$PtI$_6$, and Cs$_2$PdBr$_6$, show high optical absorption ($\approx$ 10$^{5}$ cm $^{-1}$) giving rise to high spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency, SLME (15-23\%) in the thin-film thickness range. Close inspection of transport properties reveals polar optical phonon scattering to be the dominant mechanism limiting the overall mobility. Further analysis of the polaron excitations discloses the possibility of large polaron formation at low to moderate defect concentrations. At high defect concentrations, ionized impurity scattering takes over. This suggests that, a simulation based guided control of defect concentrations during synthesis can yield a desired candidate for promissing device application. Additionally, few selected compounds show moderate to high electron mobility values ($\sim$13-63 cm$^2$V$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$) at room temperature. Overall, the present study paves an important path to help design VODP as Pb-free potential candidates for future optoelectronic applications.