On the Meromorphic Integrability of the Critical Systems for Optimal Sums of Eigenvalues

TL;DR

This paper investigates the integrability of critical systems related to bounds on sums of eigenvalues of Sturm-Liouville operators, linking differential Galois theory with eigenvalue optimization and revealing complex dynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a family of nonlinear differential systems connected to eigenvalue bounds and classifies their meromorphic integrability using differential Galois theory, confirming a recent conjecture.

Findings

Complete classification of integrability for polynomial critical systems

Positive resolution of the conjecture on eigenvalue gap systems

Numerical evidence of complex dynamical behaviors

Abstract

The popularity of estimation to bounds for sums of eigenvalues started from P. Li and S. T. Yau for the study of the P\'{o}lya conjecture. This subject is extended to different types of differential operators. This paper explores for the sums of the first $m$ eigenvalues of Sturm-Liouville operators from two aspects. Firstly, by the complete continuity of eigenvalues, we propose a family of critical systems consisting of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, indexed by the exponent $p\in(1,\infty)$ of the Lebesgue spaces concerned. There have profound relations between the solvability of these systems and the optimal lower or upper bounds for the sums of the first $m$ eigenvalues of Sturm-Liouville operators, which provides a novel idea to study the optimal bounds. Secondly, we investigate the integrability or solvability of the critical systems. With suitable selection of exponents $p$, the critical systems are equivalent to the polynomial Hamiltonian systems of $m$ degrees of freedom. Using the differential Galois theory, we perform a complete classification for meromorphic integrability of these polynomial critical systems. As a by-product of this classification, it gives a positive answer to the conjecture raised by Tian, Wei and Zhang [J. Math. Phys. 64, 092701 (2023)] on the critical systems for optimal eigenvalue gaps. The numerical simulations of the Poincar\'{e} cross sections show that the critical systems for sums of eigenvalues can appear complex dynamical phenomena, such as periodic trajectories, quasi-periodic trajectories and chaos.