Superradiant growth anomaly magnification in evolution of vector bosonic condensates bounded by a Kerr black hole with near-horizon reflection

TL;DR

This paper analyzes how near-horizon reflection influences superradiant instabilities of ultralight vector boson condensates around Kerr black holes, revealing a magnified growth anomaly and implications for gravitational wave signals.

Contribution

It provides explicit analytical expressions for the corrected superradiant spectrum and instability rates considering near-horizon reflection effects in vector condensates.

Findings

Superradiant growth rate can be temporarily increased by near-horizon reflection.

Magnification of the superradiant instability is significantly larger in vector condensates than in scalar cases.

Conditions for growth anomaly depend on information per particle exceeding a specific threshold.

Abstract

Ultralight vector particles can form evolving condensates around a Kerr black hole (BH) due to superradiant instability. We study the effect of near-horizon reflection on the evolution of this system: by matching three pieces of asymptotic expansions of the Proca equation in Kerr metric and considering the leading order in the electric mode, we present explicit analytical expressions for the corrected spectrum and the superradiant instability rates. Particularly, in high-spin BH cases, we identify an anomalous situation where the superadiance rate is temporarily increased by the reflection parameter $\mathcal{R}$, which also occurs in the scalar scenario, but is largely magnified in vector condensates due to a faster growth rate in dominant mode. We point out the condition for the growth anomaly in the adiabatic case is that information carried per particle exceeds a certain value $\delta I/\delta N>2\pi k_\text{B} \sqrt{(1+\mathcal{R})/(1-\mathcal{R})}$. We further construct several featured quantities to illustrate it, and formalize the anomaly-induced gravitational wave strain deformation.