Flattened photon beams, an obsolete feature in modern linear accelerators

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that Flattening Filter Free (FFF) beams can produce flat, high-quality radiation profiles comparable or superior to traditional flattened beams, with benefits including better organ sparing and simplified machine maintenance.

Contribution

The paper provides evidence that FFF beams can replace flattened beams in modern radiotherapy, offering comparable dosimetric quality and clinical advantages, challenging the notion that flattening filters are necessary.

Findings

FFF beams produce flatness and symmetry comparable to flattened beams.

Clinical plans with FFF beams show reduced doses to organs at risk.

Removing the flattening filter simplifies equipment and reduces maintenance.

Abstract

Background: With the advent of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and recently, Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), treatment planning using Flattening Filter Free (FFF) beams can meet all of the energy requirements in radiation therapy clinics. Manufacturers of linear accelerators no longer need to install a flattening filter (FF) in gantry head. This study aims to provide evidence of the superiority of FFF to FF through both dosimetric measurements and clinical treatment plans. Materials and Methods: A 50x50x50cm3 water phantom was created in the RayStation treatment planning system (TPS) for dosimetry comparisons. Flat beam profiles were generated using FFF beam through an optimization process for 10x10 to 30x30cm2 field sizes. Next, a comparison of treatment plans was made using 21 Head and Neck and 14 Lung/Mediastinum treatment sites using 6MV and 6MV-FFF beams. Results: Using FFF beams, profiles with flatness and symmetry identical to or better than those of the flattened beams were produced. At the very edge of the optimized plans for FFF beams, horns had the highest gamma index deviation <1.5% of the normalized dose. For clinical plans evaluated, most of the mean doses to organs_atrisk (OAR) volumes receiving 5% to 30% of the prescription dose were reduced with FFF beams. Conclusion: These results indicate the feasibility of delivering flat beams with FFF quality and producing treatment plans with equal or higher qualities in PTV coverage while achieving better sparing of OAR which will allow escalation of target dose if desired. Plus, removing FF will simplify the gantry head and reduces quality assurance and machine maintenance efforts.