Universal Pl\"ucker coordinates for the Wronski map and positivity in real Schubert calculus

TL;DR

This paper provides explicit formulas for solutions to the inverse Wronski problem using symmetric group algebra operators, confirming positivity conjectures in real Schubert calculus.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to solving the inverse Wronski problem via Grassmann-Plücker coordinates as symmetric group algebra operators, extending previous work and verifying key positivity conjectures.

Findings

Explicit formulas for Grassmann-Plücker coordinates of solutions

Operators are positive semidefinite for real nonnegative parameters

Verifies several conjectures in real Schubert calculus

Abstract

Given a $d$-dimensional vector space $V \subset \mathbb{C}[u]$ of polynomials, its Wronskian is the polynomial $(u + z_1) \cdots (u + z_n)$ whose zeros $-z_i$ are the points of $\mathbb{C}$ such that $V$ contains a nonzero polynomial with a zero of order at least $d$ at $-z_i$. Equivalently, $V$ is a solution to the Schubert problem defined by osculating planes to the moment curve at $z_1, \dots, z_n$. The inverse Wronski problem involves finding all $V$ with a given Wronskian $(u + z_1) \cdots (u + z_n)$. We solve this problem by providing explicit formulas for the Grassmann-Pl\"ucker coordinates of the general solution $V$, as commuting operators in the group algebra $\mathbb{C}[\mathfrak{S}_n]$ of the symmetric group. The Pl\"ucker coordinates of individual solutions over $\mathbb{C}$ are obtained by restricting to an eigenspace and replacing each operator by its eigenvalue. This generalizes work of Mukhin, Tarasov, and Varchenko (2013) and of Purbhoo (2022), which give formulas in $\mathbb{C}[\mathfrak{S}_n]$ for the differential equation satisfied by $V$. Moreover, if $z_1, \dots, z_n$ are real and nonnegative, then our operators are positive semidefinite, implying that the Pl\"ucker coordinates of $V$ are all real and nonnegative. This verifies several outstanding conjectures in real Schubert calculus, including the positivity conjectures of Mukhin and Tarasov (2017) and of Karp (2021), the disconjugacy conjecture of Eremenko (2015), and the divisor form of the secant conjecture of Sottile (2003). The proofs involve the representation theory of $\mathfrak{S}_n$, symmetric functions, and $\tau$-functions of the KP hierarchy.