A search for the afterglows, kilonovae, and host galaxies of two short GRBs: GRB 211106A and GRB 211227A

TL;DR

This study investigates two short gamma-ray bursts, analyzing their afterglows, host galaxies, and potential kilonova emissions through deep optical and NIR follow-up, confirming their classifications and exploring their properties.

Contribution

The paper provides detailed follow-up observations and host galaxy analysis of two short GRBs, confirming their classifications and setting limits on associated kilonova emissions.

Findings

GRB 211106A is confirmed as a short GRB with no optical/NIR afterglow detected.

GRB 211227A is a short GRB with extended emission, with no detected kilonova.

Host galaxies identified at z=0.64 and z=0.228, consistent with typical short GRB hosts.

Abstract

Context: GRB 211106A and GRB 211227A are recent gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with initial X-ray positions suggesting associations with nearby galaxies (z < 0.7). Their prompt emission characteristics indicate GRB 211106A is a short-duration GRB and GRB 211227A is a short GRB with extended emission, likely originating from compact binary mergers. However, classifying solely based on prompt emission can be misleading. Aims: These short GRBs in the local Universe offer opportunities to search for associated kilonova (KN) emission and study host galaxy properties in detail. Methods: We conducted deep optical and NIR follow-up using ESO-VLT FORS2, HAWK-I, and MUSE for GRB 211106A, and ESO-VLT FORS2 and X-Shooter for GRB 211227A, starting shortly after the X-ray afterglow detection. We performed photometric analysis to look for afterglow and KN emissions associated with the bursts, along with host galaxy imaging and spectroscopy. Optical/NIR results were compared with Swift X-Ray Telescope (XRT) and other high-energy data. Results: For both GRBs we placed deep limits to the optical/NIR afterglow and KN emission. Host galaxies were identified: GRB 211106A at photometric z = 0.64 and GRB 211227A at spectroscopic z = 0.228. Host galaxy properties aligned with typical short GRB hosts. We also compared the properties of the bursts with the S-BAT4 sample to further examined the nature of these events. Conclusions: Study of prompt and afterglow phases, along with host galaxy analysis, confirms GRB 211106A as a short GRB and GRB 211227A as a short GRB with extended emission. The absence of optical/NIR counterparts is likely due to local extinction for GRB 211106A and a faint kilonova for GRB 211227A.