Majorana neutrinos in the triple gauge boson coupling $ZZZ^*$

TL;DR

This paper investigates how virtual Majorana neutrinos influence the $ZZZ$ coupling in electron-positron collisions, revealing potential CP-violating effects and estimating their magnitudes within a seesaw model framework.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed calculation of one-loop Majorana neutrino contributions to the $ZZZ$ coupling, including CP-violating form factors, in a seesaw-based model.

Findings

CP-odd form factor $f_4$ can reach ${ m O}(10^{-7})$ for TeV-scale neutrinos.

CP-even form factor $f_5$ can be as large as ${ m O}(10^{-4})$ at 500 GeV.

Majorana neutrinos induce non-zero $ZZZ$ couplings absent in the Standard Model.

Abstract

Confirmed by the measurement of neutrino oscillations, neutrino mass is recognized as a genuine manifestation of physics beyond the Standard Model, while its originating mechanism remains a mystery. Moreover, the proper field-theory description of neutrinos, whether they are Majorana or Dirac type, must be linked to such a mechanism. The present work addresses the calculation, estimation, and analysis of one-loop contributions from virtual Majorana neutrinos, light and heavy as well, to the neutral gauge boson coupling $ZZZ$, which participates in $Z$-boson pair production from $e^+e^-$ collisions. This task is carried out in the framework defined by a seesaw variant in which light neutrinos remain massless at tree level, then becoming massive radiatively. The $ZZZ^*$ coupling, with $Z^*$ an off-shell $Z$ boson, is defined by two form factors, namely, $f_4$, characterizing CP-odd effects, and $f_5$, which is CP-even. Constraints from the Large Hadron Collider on both these quantities are currently ${\cal O}(10^{-4})$. Our calculation yields CP-nonpreserving contributions to $ZZZ$, which are absent in the framework of the sole Standard Model. Our estimations show that the $f_4$ contribution might be as large as ${\cal O}(10^{-7})$ for heavy-neutrino masses $\sim1\,{\rm TeV}$. CP-even contributions $f_5$ are also generated, which are, in general, larger than their CP-odd counterparts. We estimate them to be as large as ${\cal O}(10^{-4})$ at a center-of-mass energy of $500\,{\rm GeV}$, in $e^+e^-$ collisions.