Hidden subsystem symmetry protected states in competing topological orders

TL;DR

This paper establishes a deep connection between two-dimensional subsystem symmetry-protected topological states and topological orders through a novel frustrated toric code model, revealing how SSPT phases relate to topological phase transitions.

Contribution

It introduces a self-dual frustrated toric code model that maps to the topological plaquette Ising model, linking SSPT states and topological orders in two dimensions.

Findings

Mapped SSPT order parameter to toric code stabilizers

Connected SSPT gapless edge states to dangling operators

Linked phase transition in SSPT to topological order transition

Abstract

We reveal the connection between two-dimensional subsystem symmetry-protected topological (SSPT) states and two-dimensional topological orders via a self-dual frustrated toric code model. This model, an enrichment of the toric code (TC) with its dual interactions, can be mapped to a model defined on the dual lattice with subsystem symmetries and subextensive ground state degeneracy. The map connects exactly the frustrated TC to two copies of the topological plaquette Ising model (TPIM), as a strong SSPT model with linear subsystem symmetries. The membrane order parameter of the TPIM is exactly mapped to dual TC stabilizers as the order parameter of the frustrated TC model, SSPT gapless edge states of the TPIM are mapped to zero-energy dangling operators under open boundaries, and the transition from the SSPT-ordered TPIM to the trivial paramagnetic phase is mapped to the transition between two distinct topological orders. We also demonstrate that this mapping can be used to elucidate the structure of other SSPT models, reflecting the subtle linkage between SSPT order and topological order in two dimensions.