Forgotten treasures in the HST/FOC UV imaging polarimetric archives of active galactic nuclei. I. Pipeline and benchmarking against NGC~1068 and exploring IC~5063

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new standardized pipeline for UV imaging polarimetry data reduction of AGNs from HST/FOC, enabling consistent analysis, improved resolution, and new insights into AGN structures and interactions.

Contribution

It develops a novel, open-access Python pipeline for homogeneous reduction of HST/FOC AGN polarimetric data, facilitating comprehensive and comparable analyses across the full sample.

Findings

Reproduced key results for NGC 1068 with higher resolution and S/N.

Produced the first optical polarimetric map of IC 5063.

Enhanced understanding of AGN outflows and ISM interactions.

Abstract

Over its 13 years of operation (1990 -- 2002), the Faint Object Camera (FOC) on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observed 26 individual active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in ultraviolet (UV) imaging polarimetry. However, not all of the observations have been reduced and analyzed or set within a standardized framework. We plan to reduce and analyze the AGN observations that have been neglected in the FOC archives using a consistent, novel, and open-access reduction pipeline of our own. We then extend the method to the full AGN sample, thus leading to potential discoveries in the near future. We developed a new pipeline in Python that will be able to reduce all the FOC observations in imaging polarimetry in a homogeneous way. Most of the previously published reduced observations are dispersed throughout the literature, with the range of different analyses and approaches making it difficult to fully interpret the FOC AGN sample. By standardizing the method, we have enabled a coherent comparison among the different observational sets. In this first paper of a series exploring the full HST/FOC AGN sample, we present an exhaustively detailed account of how to properly reduce the observational data. Current progress in data-analysis is implemented in and has provided state-of-the-art UV polarimetric maps. We compare our new maps to the benchmark AGN case of NGC~1068 and successfully reproduce the main results previously published, while pushing the polarimetric exploration of this AGN futher, thanks to a finer resolution and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) than previously reported. We also present, for the first time, an optical polarimetric map of the radio-loud AGN IC~5063 and we examine the complex interactions between the AGN outflows and the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM).