The proto-neutron star inner crust in a multi-component plasma approach

TL;DR

This paper develops a self-consistent multi-component plasma approach to model the hot proto-neutron star crust, revealing significant differences from simpler models and providing insights into impurity parameters affecting star cooling.

Contribution

It introduces a novel self-consistent MCP method at finite temperature, improving predictions of PNS crust composition over previous one-component or perturbative models.

Findings

Inclusion of non-linear mixing terms alters ensemble equivalence.

Light nuclei become dominant at higher density and temperature.

Provides a fitting formula for the impurity parameter.

Abstract

Proto-neutron stars (PNS) are born hot, with temperatures exceeding a few times $10^{10}$ K. In these conditions, the PNS crust is expected to be made of a Coulomb liquid composed of an ensemble of different nuclear species. We perform a study of the beta-equilibrated PNS crust in the liquid phase in a self-consistent multi-component plasma (MCP) approach, thus allowing us to consistently calculate the impurity parameter, often taken as a free parameter in cooling simulations. We developed a self-consistent MCP approach at finite temperature using a compressible liquid-drop description of the ions, with surface parameters adjusted to reproduce experimental masses. The treatment of the ion centre-of-mass motion was included through a translational free-energy term accounting for in-medium effects. The results of self-consistent MCP calculations are systematically compared with those performed in a perturbative and in the one-component plasma treatment. We show that the inclusion of non-linear mixing terms arising from the ion centre-of-mass motion leads to a breakdown of the ensemble equivalence between the one-component and MCP approach. Our findings illustrate that the abundance of light nuclei becomes important, eventually dominating the distribution at higher density and temperature. This is reflected in the impurity parameter, which, in turn, may have a potential impact on NS cooling. For practical applications, we also provide a fitting formula for the impurity parameter in the PNS inner crust. Our results obtained within a self-consistent MCP approach show important differences in the prediction of the PNS composition with respect to those obtained with a one-component or a perturbative MCP approximation, particularly in the deeper region of the crust. This highlights the importance of a full, self-consistent MCP calculation for reliable predictions of the PNS crust composition.