A New Insight into Electron Acceleration Properties from Theoretical Modeling of Double-Peaked Radio Light Curves in Core-Collapse Supernovae

TL;DR

This paper presents a theoretical model explaining double-peaked radio light curves in core-collapse supernovae without requiring circumstellar medium shells, highlighting the role of synchrotron cooling regimes and electron acceleration.

Contribution

The work extends synchrotron spectral evolution models to supernovae, demonstrating a new mechanism for double-peaked radio light curves based on cooling transitions.

Findings

Double-peaked radio light curves can occur without CSM shells.

The transition from fast to slow cooling explains the double peaks.

SN 2007bg may be explained by this new model.

Abstract

It is recognized that some core-collapse supernovae (SNe) show a double-peaked radio light curve within a few years since the explosion. A shell of circumstellar medium (CSM) detached from the SN progenitor has been considered to play a viable role in characterizing such a re-brightening of radio emission. Here, we propose another mechanism that can give rise to the double-peaked radio light curve in core-collapse SNe. The key ingredient in the present work is to expand the model for the evolution of the synchrotron spectral energy distribution (SED) to a generic form, including fast and slow cooling regimes, as guided by the widely-accepted modeling scheme of gamma-ray burst afterglows. We show that even without introducing an additional CSM shell, the radio light curve would show a double-peaked morphology when the system becomes optically thin to synchrotron self-absorption at the observational frequency during the fast cooling regime. We can observe this double-peaked feature if the transition from fast cooling to slow cooling regime occurs during the typical observational timescale of SNe. This situation is realized when the minimum Lorentz factor of injected electrons is initially large enough for the non-thermal electrons' SED to be discrete from the thermal distribution. We propose SN 2007bg as a special case of double-peaked radio SNe that can be possibly explained by the presented scenario. Our model can serve as a potential diagnostic for electron acceleration properties in SNe.