Closed-loop experiments and brain machine interfaces with multiphoton microscopy

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent advances in closed-loop neuroscience experiments utilizing multiphoton microscopy, highlighting real-time neural recording and control techniques like two-photon calcium imaging and optogenetics.

Contribution

It provides an overview of technological developments enabling real-time feedback in brain-machine interfaces using multiphoton microscopy and discusses future directions at the synaptic level.

Findings

Demonstrated real-time neural activity recording with multiphoton microscopy.

Showcased applications of two-photon optogenetics in closed-loop systems.

Discussed potential for optical BMIs at the synaptic level.

Abstract

In the field of neuroscience, the importance of constructing closed-loop experimental systems has increased in conjunction with technological advances in measuring and controlling neural activity in live animals. This paper provides an overview of recent technological advances in the field, focusing on closed-loop experimental systems where multiphoton microscopy (the only method capable of recording and controlling targeted population activity of neurons at a single-cell resolution in vivo) works through real-time feedback. Specifically, we present some examples of brain machine interfaces (BMIs) using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging and discuss applications of two-photon optogenetic stimulation and adaptive optics to real-time BMIs. We also consider conditions for realizing future optical BMIs at the synaptic level, and their possible roles in understanding the computational principles of the brain.