EDGE -- Dark matter or astrophysics? Breaking dark matter heating degeneracies with HI rotation in faint dwarf galaxies

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution simulations of faint dwarf galaxies to explore how HI rotation curves can help distinguish between dark matter physics and galaxy formation effects, especially in quiescent systems with stable gas discs.

Contribution

It demonstrates that stable HI rotation curves in quiescent dwarf galaxies can provide clearer insights into dark matter profiles, reducing degeneracies caused by stellar feedback.

Findings

Quiescent dwarfs can host long-lived, stable HI rotation curves.

Star formation activity disrupts HI discs, complicating dark matter inferences.

Stable HI rotation curves are linked to oblate dark matter halo shapes.

Abstract

Low-mass dwarf galaxies are expected to reside within dark matter haloes that have a pristine, `cuspy' density profile within their stellar half-light radii. This is because they form too few stars to significantly drive dark matter heating through supernova-driven outflows. Here, we study such simulated faint systems ($10^4 \leq M_{\star} \leq 2\times 10^6 \, M_\mathrm{\odot}$) drawn from high-resolution (3 pc) cosmological simulations from the `Engineering Dwarf Galaxies at the Edge of galaxy formation' (EDGE) project. We confirm that these objects have steep and rising inner dark matter density profiles at $z=0$, little affected by galaxy formation effects. But five dwarf galaxies from the suite also showcase a detectable HI reservoir ($M_{\mathrm{HI}}\approx 10^{5}-10^{6} \, M_\mathrm{\odot}$), analogous to the observed population of faint, HI-bearing dwarf galaxies. These reservoirs exhibit episodes of ordered rotation, opening windows for rotation curve analysis. Within actively star-forming dwarfs, stellar feedback easily disrupts the tenuous HI discs ($v_{\phi} \approx 10\, \mathrm{km} \, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$), making rotation short-lived ($\ll 150 \, \mathrm{Myr}$) and more challenging to interpret for dark matter inferences. In contrast, we highlight a long-lived ($\geq 500 \, \mathrm{Myr}$) and easy-to-interpret HI rotation curve extending to $\approx 2\, r_{1/2, \text{3D}}$ in a quiescent dwarf, that has not formed new stars since $z=4$. This stable gas disc is supported by an oblate dark matter halo shape that drives high-angular momentum gas flows. Our results strongly motivate further searches for HI in rotation curves in the observed population of HI-bearing low-mass dwarfs, that provide a key regime to disentangle the respective roles of dark matter microphysics and galaxy formation effects in driving dark matter heating.