Existence of Pauli-like stabilizers for every quantum error-correcting code

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that all quantum error-correcting codes can be characterized by a set of commutative Paulian operators, extending the stabilizer formalism and enabling new methods for code implementation and discovery.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of Paulian stabilizer groups for all quantum codes, generalizing the stabilizer formalism beyond Pauli codes.

Findings

Every quantum error-correcting code has a Paulian stabilizer structure.

Paulian operators can be measured via controlled gates to detect errors.

Experimental example shows Paulian observable can detect errors effectively.

Abstract

The Pauli stabilizer formalism is perhaps the most thoroughly studied means of procuring quantum error-correcting codes, whereby the code is obtained through commutative Pauli operators and ``stabilized'' by them. In this work we will show that every quantum error-correcting code, including Pauli stabilizer codes and subsystem codes, has a similar structure, in that the code can be stabilized by commutative ``Paulian'' operators which share many features with Pauli operators and which form a \textbf{Paulian stabilizer group}. By facilitating a controlled gate we can measure these Paulian operators to acquire the error syndrome. Examples concerning codeword stabilized codes and bosonic codes will be presented; specifically, one of the examples has been demonstrated experimentally and the observable for detecting the error turns out to be Paulian, thereby showing the potential utility of this approach. This work provides a possible approach to implement error-correcting codes and to find new codes.