Defying Conventional Wisdom in Spectroscopy: Power Narrowing on IBM Quantum

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates experimentally that certain pulse shapes can cause power narrowing in quantum spectroscopy, reversing the traditional power broadening effect, with over tenfold line width reduction observed on IBM Quantum hardware.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of power narrowing using Lorentzian pulse shapes and provides both experimental verification and theoretical analysis of this phenomenon.

Findings

Power narrowing observed with Lorentzian pulses on IBM Quantum.

Line width reduced by over 10 times when increasing pulse area from π to 7π.

Derived an analytical formula for the cutoff broadening effect due to pulse truncation.

Abstract

Power broadening $-$ the broadening of the spectral line profile of a two-state quantum transition as the amplitude of the driving field increases $-$ is a well-known and thoroughly examined phenomenon in spectroscopy. It typically occurs in continuous-wave driving when the intensity of the radiation field increases beyond the saturation intensity of the transition. In pulsed-field excitation, linear power broadening occurs for a pulse of rectangular temporal shape. Pulses with smooth shapes are known to exhibit much less power broadening, e.g. logarithmic for a Gaussian pulse shape. It has been predicted, but never experimentally verified, that pulse shapes which vanish in time as $\sim |t|^{-\lambda}$ should exhibit the opposite effect $-$ power narrowing $-$ in which the post-pulse transition line width decreases as the amplitude of the driving pulse increases. In this work, power narrowing is demonstrated experimentally for a class of powers-of-Lorentzian pulse shapes on the IBM Quantum processor ibmq_manila. Reduction of the line width by a factor of over 10 is observed when increasing the pulse area from $\pi$ to $7\pi$, in a complete reversal of the power broadening paradigm. Moreover, thorough theoretical and experimental study is conducted on the truncation of the pulse wings which introduces a (small) power-broadened term which prevents power narrowing from reaching extreme values $-$ a hitherto unknown cut-off broadening effect for which an explicit analytical formula is derived. In the absence of other power broadening mechanisms, Lorentzian pulses truncated at sufficiently small values can achieve as narrow line profiles as desired.