Ultra-clean assembly of van der Waals heterostructures

TL;DR

This paper introduces a polymer-free, reusable silicon nitride membrane platform for assembling van der Waals heterostructures, enabling cleaner interfaces, higher electronic quality, and new assembly environments like high temperatures and ultra-high vacuum.

Contribution

The authors present a novel polymer-free assembly method using reusable membranes, allowing high-quality, contamination-free vdW heterostructures in diverse environments including UHV and liquids.

Findings

Achieved contamination-free interfaces with exfoliated and CVD-grown materials.

Demonstrated assembly at temperatures up to 600°C and in UHV.

Significantly improved structural homogeneity of graphene moiré superlattices.

Abstract

Layer-by-layer assembly of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures underpins new discoveries in solid state physics, material science and chemistry. Despite the successes, all current 2D material (2DM) transfer techniques rely on the use of polymers which limit the cleanliness, ultimate electronic performance, and potential for optoelectronic applications of the heterostructures. In this article, we present a novel polymer-free platform for rapid and facile heterostructure assembly which utilises re-usable flexible silicon nitride membranes. We demonstrate that this allows fast and reproducible production of 2D heterostructures using both exfoliated and CVD-grown materials with perfect interfaces free from interlayer contamination and correspondingly excellent electronic behaviour, limited only by the size and intrinsic quality of the crystals used. Furthermore, removing the need for polymeric carriers allows new possibilities for vdW heterostructure fabrication: assembly at high temperatures up to 600{\deg}C, and in different environments including ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and when the materials are fully submerged in liquids. We demonstrate UHV heterostructure assembly for the first time, and show the reliable creation of graphene moir\'e superlattices with more than an order of magnitude improvement in their structural homogeneity. We believe that broad adaptation of our novel inorganic 2D materials assembly strategy will allow realisation of the full potential of vdW heterostructures as a platform for new physics and advanced optoelectronic technologies.