Helioseismic determination of the solar metal mass fraction

TL;DR

This study uses helioseismic data to accurately determine the Sun's metal mass fraction, supporting lower values consistent with recent spectroscopic measurements and challenging higher estimates from older models.

Contribution

The paper introduces a seismic reconstruction method that provides independent, precise constraints on the solar metal mass fraction, favoring lower metallicity values.

Findings

Helioseismic data supports a low Z/X value of 0.0187.

High Z/X values from <3D> models are strongly rejected.

Results align with recent spectroscopic determinations.

Abstract

Context. The metal mass fraction of the Sun Z is a key constraint in solar modelling, but its value is still under debate. The standard solar chemical composition of the late 2000s have the ratio of metals to hydrogen Z/X = 0.0181, with a small increase to 0.0187 in 2021, as inferred from 3D non-LTE spectroscopy. However, more recent work on a horizontally and temporally averaged <3D> model claim Z/X = 0.0225, consistent with the high values of twenty-five years ago based on 1D LTE spectroscopy. Aims. We aim to determine a precise and robust value of the solar metal mass fraction from helioseismic inversions, thus providing independent constraints from spectroscopic methods. Methods. We devise a detailed seismic reconstruction technique of the solar envelope, combining multiple inversions and equations of state to accurately and precisely determine the metal mass fraction value. Results. We show that a low value of the solar metal mass fraction corresponding to Z/X = 0.0187 is favoured by helioseismic constraints and that a higher metal mass fraction corresponding to Z/X = 0.0225 are strongly rejected by helioseismic data. Conclusions. We conclude that direct measurement of the metal mass fraction in the solar envelope favours a low metallicity, in line with the 3D non-LTE spectroscopic determination of 2021. A high metal mass fraction as measured using a <3D> model in 2022 is disfavoured by helioseismology for all modern equations of state used to model the solar convective envelope.