A systematic analysis of the X-ray emission in optically selected tidal disruption events: observational evidence for the unification of the optically and X-ray selected populations

TL;DR

This study systematically analyzes X-ray emissions in optically selected tidal disruption events, revealing diverse behaviors and supporting a unification model that links optical and X-ray TDE populations.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive comparison of optical and X-ray TDEs, demonstrating a continuum in their properties and supporting a unified model of their origins.

Findings

X-ray light curves show diverse temporal behaviors.

X-ray spectra are predominantly soft and thermal.

Optical and X-ray TDEs form a continuum with overlapping properties.

Abstract

We present a systematic analysis of the X-ray emission of a sample of 17 optically selected, X-ray-detected tidal disruption events (TDEs) discovered between 2014 and 2021. The X-ray light curves show a diverse range of temporal behaviors, with most sources not following the expected power-law decline. The X-ray spectra are mostly extremely soft and consistent with thermal emission from the innermost region of an accretion disk, which cools as the accretion rate decreases. Three sources show formation of a hard X-ray corona, at late-times. The spectral energy distribution shape, probed by the ratio ($L_{\rm\,BB}/L_{\rm\,X}$) between the UV/optical and X-ray, shows a wide range $L_{\rm BB}/L_{\rm X}\,\in\,(0.5,\,3000)$ at early-times, and converges to disk-like values $L_{\rm\,BB}/L_{\rm\,X}\,\in\,(0.5,\,10)$ at late-times. We estimate the fraction of optically discovered TDEs with $L_{\rm\,X}\,\geq 10^{42}~\rm{erg}~\rm{s}^{-1} $ to be at least $40\%$, and show that X-ray loudness is independent of black hole mass. We argue that distinct disk formation time scales are unlikely to fully explain the diverse range of X-ray evolutions. We combine our sample with X-ray discovered ones to construct an X-ray luminosity function, best fitted by a broken power-law, with a break at $L_{\rm\,X} \approx 10^{44}~\rm{erg}~\rm{s}^{-1} $. We show that there is no dichotomy between optically and X-ray selected TDEs, instead there is a continuum of early time $L_{\rm\,BB}/L_{\rm\,X}$, at least as wide as $L_{\rm\,BB}/L_{\rm\,X}\,\in\,(0.1,\,3000)$, with optical/X-ray surveys selecting preferentially, but not exclusively, from the higher/lower end of the distribution. Our findings are consistent with unification models for the overall TDE population.