Multiple-scale analysis of the simplest large-delay differential equation

TL;DR

This paper uses multiple-scale analysis to reveal how large-delay differential equations can asymptotically resemble diffusion equations, highlighting their connection to spatially extended systems.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed multiple-scale analysis of the simplest large-delay differential equation, establishing its asymptotic link to the diffusion equation.

Findings

Large delays lead to a diffusion-like behavior in the DDE.

Asymptotic analysis reveals a solvability condition different from standard textbook methods.

The linear DDE can be approximated by a diffusion equation in the large-delay limit.

Abstract

A delayed term in a differential equation reflects the fact that information takes significant time to travel from one place to another within a process being studied. Despite de apparent similarity with ordinary differential equations, delay-differential equations (DDE) are known to be fundamentally different and to require a dedicate mathematical apparatus for their analysis. Indeed, when the delay is large, it was found that they can sometimes be related to spatially extended dynamical systems. The purpose of this paper is to explain this fact in the simplest possible DDE by way of a multiple-scale analysis. We show the asymptotic correspondence of that linear DDE with the diffusion equation. This partial differential equations arises from a solvability condition that differs from the ones usually encountered in textbooks on asymptotics: In the limit of large delays, the leading-order problem is a map and secular divergence at subsequent orders stem from forcing terms in that map.