Salt-assisted vapor-liquid-solid growth of one-dimensional van der Waals materials

TL;DR

This paper introduces a salt-assisted vapor-liquid-solid growth method for synthesizing one-dimensional van der Waals materials, enabling controlled growth of nanostructures with specific morphologies and orientations, expanding the potential for novel nanoelectronic applications.

Contribution

It presents a novel salt-assisted VLS growth technique combining catalysts to produce high-yield, controlled 1D TMT nanostructures, including NbS3, NbSe3, and TiS3, with detailed growth mechanisms.

Findings

Achieved sub-ten nanometer diameter NbS3 nanowires

Controlled growth orientation and morphology of nanostructures

Extended method to other TMT materials

Abstract

We have combined the benefits of two catalytic growth phenomena to form nanostructures of transition metal trichalcogenides (TMTs), materials that are challenging to grow in a nanostructured form by conventional techniques, as required to exploit their exotic physics. Our growth strategy combines the benefits of vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth in controlling dimension and growth location, and salt-assisted growth for fast growth at moderate temperatures. This salt-assisted VLS growth is enabled through use of a catalyst that includes Au and an alkali metal halide. We demonstrate high yields of NbS3 1D nanostructures with sub-ten nanometer diameter, tens of micrometers length, and distinct 1D morphologies consisting of nanowires and nanoribbons with [010] and [100] growth orientations, respectively. We present strategies to control the growth location, size, and morphology. We extend the growth method to synthesize other TMTs, NbSe3 and TiS3, as nanowires. Finally, we discuss the growth mechanism based on the relationships we measure between the materials characteristics (growth orientation, morphology and dimensions) and the growth conditions (catalyst volume and growth time). Our study introduces opportunities to expand the library of emerging 1D vdW materials and their heterostructures with controllable nanoscale dimensions.