$2\cdot 10^{-13}$ fractional laser frequency stability with a 7-cm unequal-arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer

TL;DR

This paper presents a compact, highly stable laser frequency stabilization method using a 7-cm unequal-arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer, achieving fractional stability below 4×10⁻¹³ and suitable for gravity mission applications.

Contribution

The authors introduce a simple, stable laser frequency stabilization technique based on an unequal-arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer that does not require complex lock procedures.

Findings

Achieved fractional laser frequency stability below 4×10⁻¹³.

Demonstrated sub-picometer stability at 0.5 mHz.

Reaches a noise floor of 7 fm/√Hz at 1 Hz.

Abstract

To achieve sub-picometer sensitivities in the millihertz band, laser interferometric inertial sensors rely on some form of reduction of the laser frequency noise, typically by locking the laser to a stable frequency reference, such as the narrow-linewidth resonance of an ultra-stable optical cavity or an atomic or molecular transition. In this paper we report on a compact laser frequency stabilization technique based on an unequal-arm Mach-Zehnder interferometer that is sub-nanometer stable at $10\,\mu$Hz, sub-picometer at $0.5\,$mHz, and reaches a noise floor of $7\,\mathrm{fm}/\!\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ at 1 Hz. The interferometer is used in conjunction with a DC servo to stabilize the frequency of a laser down to a fractional instability below $4 \times 10^{-13}$ at averaging times from 0.1 to 100 seconds. The technique offers a wide operating range, does not rely on complex lock acquisition procedures, and can be readily integrated as part of the optical bench in future gravity missions.