Optimal transport distances to characterise electronic excitations

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new optimal transport-based diagnostic, $ heta$, for classifying electronic excitations, compares it with existing methods, and explores its limitations and potential improvements.

Contribution

It proposes a novel diagnostic $ heta$ based on Sinkhorn divergence, evaluates its effectiveness in classifying excitations, and discusses its orbital dependence and possible enhancements.

Findings

$ heta$ slightly improves classification when combined with other diagnostics

Rydberg excitations are not well separated by $ heta$

$ heta$ struggles with charge transfer in small molecules

Abstract

Understanding the character of electronic excitations is important in computational and reaction mechanistic studies, but their classification from simulations remains an open problem. Distances based on optimal transport have proven very useful in a plethora of classification problems and seem therefore a natural tool to try to tackle this challenge. We propose and investigate a new diagnostic $\Theta$ based on the Sinkhorn divergence from optimal transport. We evaluate a $k$-NN classification algorithm on $\Theta$, the popular $\Lambda$ diagnostic as well as their combination, and assess their performance in labelling excitations, finding that (i) The combination only slightly improves the classification, (ii) Rydberg excitations are not separated well in any setting, and (iii) $\Theta$ breaks down for charge transfer in small molecules. We then define a length scale-normalised version of $\Theta$ and show that the result correlates closely with $\Lambda$ for results obtained with Gaussian basis functions. Finally, we discuss the orbital-dependence of our approach and explore an orbital-independent version. Using an optimised combination of the optimal transport and overlap diagnostics together with a different metric is in our opinion the most promising for future classification studies.