Electron transfer efficiency in liquid xenon across THGEM holes

TL;DR

This paper investigates the electron transfer efficiency in liquid xenon using THGEM electrodes, demonstrating near-perfect transfer efficiencies and analyzing their voltage dependence through experiments and simulations, which could impact future detector designs.

Contribution

It provides experimental evidence that THGEMs coated with VUV photocathodes can achieve nearly 100% electron transfer efficiency in liquid xenon, informing future detector development.

Findings

Transfer efficiencies approaching 100% were achieved.

Efficiency depends on voltage and matches simulation predictions.

Results support the use of THGEMs in advanced liquid xenon detectors.

Abstract

Dual-phase liquid-xenon time projection chambers (LXe TPCs) deploying a few tonnes of liquid are presently leading the search for WIMP dark matter. Scaling these detectors to 10-fold larger fiducial masses, while improving their sensitivity to low-mass WIMPs presents difficult challenges in detector design. Several groups are considering a departure from current schemes, towards either single-phase liquid-only TPCs, or dual-phase detectors where the electroluminescence region consists of patterned electrodes. Here, we discuss the possible use of Thick Gaseous Electron Multipliers (THGEMs) coated with a VUV photocathode and immersed in LXe as a building block in such designs. We focus on the transfer efficiencies of ionization electrons and photoelectrons emitted from the photocathode through the electrode holes, and show experimentally that efficiencies approaching 100 % can be achieved with realistic voltage settings. The observed voltage dependence of the transfer efficiencies is consistent with electron transport simulations once diffusion and charging-up effects are included.