On the attribution of weather events to climate change using a fit to extreme value distributions

TL;DR

This paper critically examines the method of attributing extreme weather events to climate change by fitting extreme value distributions to local data, highlighting the confounding effects of internal climate variability and data limitations.

Contribution

It demonstrates that dependence of distribution parameters on GMST can arise from internal variability, challenging the validity of attribution methods based solely on this dependence.

Findings

Dependence on GMST can result from internal climate variability.

Internal variability complicates attribution of extremes to climate change.

Limited data can hinder meaningful attribution analysis.

Abstract

Changes in extreme weather events are a potentially important aspect of anthropogenic climate change (ACC), yet, are difficult to attribute to ACC because the record length is often similar to, or shorter than, extreme-event return periods. This study is motivated by the ``World Weather Attribution'' initiative (WWA) and, specifically, their approach of fitting extreme value distribution functions to local observations. They calculate the dependence of distribution parameters on global mean surface temperature (GMST) and use this dependence to attribute extreme events to ACC. Applying this method to preindustrial climate simulations with no time-varying greenhouse gas forcing, we still find a strong dependence of distribution parameters on GMST. This dependence results from internal climate variability (e.g., ENSO) affecting both extreme events and GMST. Therefore, dependence on GMST does not necessarily imply an effect of ACC on extremes. We further consider whether an extreme value, normal, or log-normal distribution better represents the data; if a GMST-dependence of distribution parameters is justified using a likelihood ratio test; and if a meaningful attribution is possible given uncertainties in GMST dependence. We find, for example, that an attribution of Australia's 2020--2021 Bushfires to ACC is difficult due to the effects of internal variability. For the 2019--2021 drought in Madagascar we find that the small number of available data points precludes a meaningful attribution analysis. Overall, we find that the effects of internal climate variability on GMST and the uncertain relationship between GMST and regional extremes may lead to inaccurate attribution conclusions using the part of the WWA approach examined here.