A Casimir operator for a Calogero $W$ algebra

TL;DR

This paper constructs an explicit Casimir operator for a nonlinear algebra associated with the three-particle quantum Calogero model, revealing its polynomial structure and potential extensions to more particles.

Contribution

The authors explicitly construct the lowest Casimir operator for the $W_3$ algebra in the Calogero model, providing a detailed polynomial expression and extending the framework to arbitrary particle numbers.

Findings

Explicit degree-6 polynomial Casimir in 7 generators

Degree-9 polynomial Casimir in 9 generators including center of mass

Framework extendable to any number of Calogero particles

Abstract

We investigate the nonlinear algebra $W_3$ generated by the 9 functionally independent permutation-symmetric operators in the three-particle rational quantum Calogero model. Decoupling the center of mass, we pass to a smaller algebra $W'_3$ generated by 7 operators, which fall into a spin-$1$ and a spin-$\frac32$ representation of the conformal $sl(2)$ subalgebra. The commutators of the spin-$\frac32$ generators with each other are quadratic in the spin-$1$ generators, with a central term depending on the Calogero coupling. One expects this algebra to feature three Casimir operators, and we construct the lowest one explicitly in terms of Weyl-ordered products of the 7 generators. It is a polynomial of degree 6 in these generators, with coefficients being up to quartic in $\hbar$ and quadratic polynomials in the Calogero coupling $\hbar^2g(g{-}1)$. Putting back the center of mass, our Casimir operator for $W_3$ is a degree-9 polynomial in the 9 generators. The computations require the evaluation of nested Weyl orderings. The classical and free-particle limits are also given. Our scheme can be extended to any finite number $N$ of Calogero particles and the corresponding nonlinear algebras $W_N$ and $W'_N$.