A new simulation framework for IceCube Upgrade calibration using IceCube Upgrade Camera system

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new simulation framework for calibrating the IceCube Upgrade's camera system, aiding in understanding ice properties and supporting the design of future detector components.

Contribution

A novel simulation framework that generates expected images for calibration of the IceCube Upgrade camera system and informs the design of IceCube Gen2 cameras.

Findings

Simulation accurately models camera images based on ice properties.

Framework supports calibration and design optimization.

Enhances understanding of ice properties for detector calibration.

Abstract

Currently, an upgrade consisting of seven densely instrumented strings in the center of the volume of the IceCube detector with new digital optical modules (DOMs) is being built. On each string, DOMs will be regularly spaced with a vertical separation of 3 m between depths of 2160 m and 2430 m below the surface of the ice, which is a denser configuration than the existing DOMs of IceCube detector. For a precise calibration of the IceCube Upgrade it is important to understand the properties of the ice, both inside and surrounding the deployment holes. The camera system together with the LED illumination system was developed and produced at Sungkyunkwan university and are installed in almost every DOM to measure these properties. For these calibration measurements, a new simulation framework, which produces expected images from various geometric and optical variables has been developed. Images produced from the simulation will be used to develop an analysis framework for the IceCube Upgrade camera calibration system and for the design of the IceCube Gen2 camera system.