A simple direct empirical observation of systematic bias of the redshift as a distance indicator

TL;DR

This paper presents a straightforward empirical experiment demonstrating that galaxy redshifts depend on their rotational velocity relative to the Milky Way, indicating a potential bias in redshift as a distance indicator that could explain cosmological tensions.

Contribution

It provides the first direct empirical evidence of systematic bias in galaxy redshifts related to rotational velocity, challenging the assumption of redshift as an unbiased distance measure.

Findings

Redshift depends on galaxy rotational velocity relative to the Milky Way.

Galaxies rotating in the same direction as the Milky Way show different redshifts than those rotating in the opposite direction.

The observed bias could account for the Hubble constant tension and other cosmological anomalies.

Abstract

Recent puzzling observations such as the $H_o$ tension, large-scale anisotropies, and massive disk galaxies at high redshifts have been challenging the standard cosmological model. While one possible explanation is that the standard model is incomplete, other theories are based on the contention that the redshift model as a distance indicator might be biased. While these theories can explain the recent observations, they are challenged by the absence of a direct empirical reproducible observation that the redshift model can indeed be inconsistent. Here I describe a simple experiment that shows that the spectra of galaxies depend on their rotational velocity relative to the rotational velocity of the Milky Way. Moreover, it shows that the redshift of galaxies that rotate in the same direction relative to the Milky Way is significantly different from the redshift of galaxies that rotate in the opposite direction relative to the Milky Way (P$<0.006$). Three different datasets are used independently, each one was prepared in a different manner, all of them show similar redshift bias. A fourth dataset of galaxies from the Southern Galactic pole was also analyzed, and shows similar results. All four datasets are publicly available. While a maximum average $\Delta z$ of $\sim$0.012 observed with galaxies of relatively low redshift (z$<$0.25) might not seem dramatic, the bias is consistent, and can explain puzzling observations such as the $H_o$ tension.