Relation of Gravity, Winds, and the Moment of Inertia of Jupiter and Saturn

TL;DR

This study models Jupiter's and Saturn's interiors to understand how gravity, winds, and rotation influence their moments of inertia, revealing that winds are the main source of uncertainty and are difficult to detect with current measurements.

Contribution

The paper introduces nonperturbative interior models using the CMS method to quantify how winds and gravity measurements constrain planetary moments of inertia.

Findings

Gravity measurements constrain MoI to better than 1%.

Zonal winds significantly affect Saturn's MoI but minimally impact Jupiter's MoI.

Predicted MoI for Jupiter is 0.26393±0.00001, for Saturn 0.2181±0.0002.

Abstract

We study the relationship of zonal gravity coefficients, J_2n, zonal winds, and axial moment of inertia (MoI) by constructing models for the interiors of giant planets. We employ the nonperturbative concentric Maclaurin spheroid (CMS) method to construct both physical (realistic equation of state and barotropes) and abstract (small number of constant-density spheroids) interior models. We find that accurate gravity measurements of Jupiter's and Saturn's J_2, J_4, and J_6 by Juno and Cassini spacecrafts do not uniquely determine the MoI of either planet but do constrain it to better than 1%. Zonal winds (or differential rotation, DR) then emerge as the leading source of uncertainty. For Saturn, they are predicted to decrease the MoI by 0.4% because they reach a depth of ~9000 km while on Jupiter, they appear to reach only ~3000 km. We thus predict DR to affect Jupiter's MoI by only 0.01%, too small by one order of magnitude to be detectable by the Juno spacecraft. We find winds primarily affect the MoI indirectly via the gravity harmonic J_6 while direct contributions are much smaller because the effects of pro- and retrograde winds cancel. DR contributes +6% and -0.8% to Saturn's and Jupiter's J_6 value, respectively. This changes the J_6 contribution that comes from the uniformly rotating bulk of the planet that correlates most strongly with the predicted MoI. With our physical models, we predict Jupiter's MoI to be 0.26393+-0.00001. For Saturn, we predict 0.2181+-0.0002, assuming a rotation period of 10:33:34 h that matches the observed polar radius.