Deep Learning Driven Detection of Tsunami Related Internal GravityWaves: a path towards open-ocean natural hazards detection

TL;DR

This paper presents a deep learning framework that detects tsunami-related internal gravity waves in the ionosphere using GNSS data, significantly enhancing open-ocean natural hazard detection and early warning capabilities.

Contribution

It introduces a novel deep learning approach combining VARION sTEC data, Gramian Angular Difference Fields, and CNNs for real-time tsunami detection from ionospheric disturbances.

Findings

Achieved 91.7% F1 score in detecting TIDs

Validated model with historical earthquake and tsunami data

Demonstrated potential for open-ocean early warning systems

Abstract

Tsunamis can trigger internal gravity waves (IGWs) in the ionosphere, perturbing the Total Electron Content (TEC) - referred to as Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) that are detectable through the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The GNSS are constellations of satellites providing signals from Earth orbit - Europe's Galileo, the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) and China's BeiDou. The real-time detection of TIDs provides an approach for tsunami detection, enhancing early warning systems by providing open-ocean coverage in geographic areas not serviceable by buoy-based warning systems. Large volumes of the GNSS data is leveraged by deep learning, which effectively handles complex non-linear relationships across thousands of data streams. We describe a framework leveraging slant total electron content (sTEC) from the VARION (Variometric Approach for Real-Time Ionosphere Observation) algorithm by Gramian Angular Difference Fields (from Computer Vision) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to detect TIDs in near-real-time. Historical data from the 2010 Maule, 2011 Tohoku and the 2012 Haida-Gwaii earthquakes and tsunamis are used in model training, and the later-occurring 2015 Illapel earthquake and tsunami in Chile for out-of-sample model validation. Using the experimental framework described in the paper, we achieved a 91.7% F1 score. Source code is available at: https://github.com/vc1492a/tidd. Our work represents a new frontier in detecting tsunami-driven IGWs in open-ocean, dramatically improving the potential for natural hazards detection for coastal communities.