On the Perception of Small Sub-graphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates how visual perception of small graph motifs is influenced by shape and structure, emphasizing the importance of consistent depiction for accurate interpretation in graph visualization.

Contribution

It introduces a systematic study on motif perception, defining visual variations and empirically testing how shape and structure affect similarity judgments.

Findings

Perception of motif similarity is influenced by both shape and structure.

Identical motifs are more easily recognized when depicted consistently.

Structural differences can be perceived even with similar shapes.

Abstract

Interpreting a node-link graph is enhanced if similar subgraphs (or motifs) are depicted in a similar manner; that is, they have the same visual form. Small motifs within graphs may be perceived to be identical when they are structurally dissimilar, or may be perceived to be dissimilar when they are identical. This issue primarily relates to the Gestalt principle of similarity, but may also include an element of quick, low-level pattern-matching. We believe that if motifs are identical, they should be depicted identically; if they are nearly-identical, they should be depicted nearly-identically. This principle is particularly important in domains where motifs hold meaning and where their identification is important. We identified five small motifs: bi-cliques, cliques, cycles, double-cycles, and stars. For each, we defined visual variations on two dimensions: same or different structure, same or different shape. We conducted a crowd-sourced empirical study to test the perception of similarity of these varied motifs, and found that determining whether motifs are identical or similar is affected by both shape and structure.