Parametric Modeling of Serpentine Waveguide Traveling Wave Tubes

TL;DR

This paper introduces a simplified, accurate analytical model for calculating small-signal gain in serpentine waveguide TWTs, validated against detailed PIC simulations, enabling efficient design and analysis.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel generalized Pierce model that accounts for frequency-dependent phase velocity, characteristic impedance, and electric field distribution effects in serpentine waveguide TWTs.

Findings

Model accurately predicts gain and hot modes versus frequency.

Good agreement with PIC simulations validates the model.

Robust across various electron beam and input power parameters.

Abstract

A simple and fast model for numerically calculating small-signal gain in serpentine waveguide traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) is described. In the framework of the Pierce model, we consider one-dimensional electron flow along a dispersive single-mode slow-wave structure (SWS), accounting for the space-charge effect. The analytical model accounts for the frequency-dependent phase velocity and characteristic impedance obtained using various equivalent circuit models from the literature, validated by comparison with full-wave eigenmode simulation. The model includes a relation between the modal characteristic impedance and the interaction (Pierce) impedance of the SWS, including also an extra correction factor that accounts for the variation of the electric field distribution and hence of the interaction impedance over the beam cross section. By applying boundary conditions to our generalized Pierce model, we compute both the theoretical gain of a TWT and all the complex-valued wavenumbers of the hot modes versus frequency and compare our results with numerically intensive particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations; the good agreement in the comparison demonstrates the accuracy and simplicity of our generalized model. For various examples where we vary the average electron beam (e-beam) phase velocity, average e-beam current, number of unit cells, and input radio frequency (RF) power, we demonstrate that our model is robust in the small-signal regime.