The innermost jet in the hidden ultra-luminous X-ray source Cygnus X-3

TL;DR

This study presents high-resolution radio imaging of Cygnus X-3, revealing the innermost jet aligned with the X-ray funnel, providing insights into jet formation and propagation in ultra-luminous X-ray sources.

Contribution

First direct imaging of the innermost radio jet in Cygnus X-3, showing its alignment with the X-ray funnel and implications for jet dynamics in ULXs.

Findings

The radio jet is aligned perpendicular to X-ray polarization.

The jet propagates within the X-ray funnel.

The jet appears marginally resolved transversely.

Abstract

Cygnus X-3 is a high-mass X-ray binary with a compact object accreting matter from a Wolf-Rayet donor star. Recently, it has been revealed by the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) as a hidden Galactic ultra-luminous X-ray (ULX) source with a luminosity above the Eddington limit along the direction of a narrow (opening angle <~32 degree) funnel. In between the IXPE observations, we observed Cyg X-3 with the European VLBI (very long baseline interferometry) Network at 22 GHz and the NICER X-ray instrument. To probe possible relations between the X-ray funnel and the potential radio jet from the ULX, we analyzed the simultaneous multi-wavelength data. Our high-resolution VLBI image reveals an elongated structure with a position angle of -3.2+/-0.4 degree, accurately perpendicular to the direction of the linear X-ray polarization. Because Cyg X-3 was in the radio quiescent state on 2022 November 10, we identify the mas-scale structure as the innermost radio jet. The finding indicates that the radio jet propagates along and within the funnel. Moreover, the jet is marginally resolved in the transverse direction. This possibly results from the strong stellar winds and the rapid orbital motion of the binary system.