Global air quality inequality over 2000-2020

TL;DR

This study quantifies global air quality inequality over two decades, revealing increasing disparities mainly driven by inter-country differences, highlighting the need for international policy focus on environmental justice.

Contribution

It introduces a novel application of economic inequality indices to measure and analyze global air pollution exposure disparities over time.

Findings

Global PM2.5 Gini Index increased from 0.32 to 0.36 (2000-2020)

Air quality inequality is mainly driven by differences between countries

High exposure populations are concentrated in few countries

Abstract

Air pollution generates substantial health damages and economic costs worldwide. Pollution exposure varies greatly, both between countries and within them. However, the degree of air quality inequality and its' trajectory over time have not been quantified at a global level. Here I use economic inequality indices to measure global inequality in exposure to ambient fine particles with 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5). I find high and rising levels of global air quality inequality. The global PM2.5 Gini Index increased from 0.32 in 2000 to 0.36 in 2020, exceeding levels of income inequality in many countries. Air quality inequality is mostly driven by differences between countries and less so by variation within them, as decomposition analysis shows. A large share of people facing the highest levels of PM2.5 exposure are concentrated in only a few countries. The findings suggest that research and policy efforts that focus only on differences within countries are overlooking an important global dimension of environmental justice.