Optimization approaches for the design and operation of open-loop shallow geothermal systems

TL;DR

This paper reviews optimization methods for designing and operating open-loop shallow geothermal systems, focusing on their efficiency, sustainability, and groundwater management, and introduces a classification scheme for these approaches.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of existing optimization approaches, classifies them based on models and algorithms, and offers recommendations for future research in geothermal system optimization.

Findings

Classification of optimization approaches by model and algorithm types

Analysis of strengths and limitations of current methods

Guidelines for selecting and developing optimization techniques

Abstract

The optimization of open-loop shallow geothermal systems, which includes both design and operational aspects, is an important research area aimed at improving their efficiency and sustainability and the effective management of groundwater as a shallow geothermal resource. This paper investigates various approaches to address optimization problems arising from these research and implementation questions about GWHP systems. The identified optimization approaches are thoroughly analyzed based on criteria such as computational cost and applicability. Moreover, a novel classification scheme is introduced that categorizes the approaches according to the types of groundwater simulation model and the optimization algorithm used. Simulation models are divided into two types: numerical and simplified (analytical or data-driven) models, while optimization algorithms are divided into gradient-based and derivative-free algorithms. Finally, a comprehensive review of existing approaches in the literature is provided, highlighting their strengths and limitations and offering recommendations for both the use of existing approaches and the development of new, improved ones in this field.