Unbiased CLEAN for STIX in Solar Orbiter

TL;DR

This paper introduces an unbiased, fully automated version of the CLEAN algorithm for solar X-ray imaging with STIX, improving reliability and accuracy by removing user-dependent steps through interpolation/extrapolation techniques.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel, user-independent implementation of CLEAN for STIX, enhancing automation and reducing bias in solar X-ray image reconstruction.

Findings

Unbiased CLEAN outperforms standard CLEAN in automation and reliability.

Reconstruction accuracy is comparable to other STIX imaging methods.

First application of interpolation/extrapolation in STIX image reconstruction.

Abstract

Aims: To formulate, implement, and validate a user-independent release of CLEAN for Fourier-based image reconstruction of hard X-rays flaring sources. Methods: CLEAN is an iterative deconvolution method for radio and hard X-ray solar imaging. In a specific step of its pipeline, CLEAN requires the convolution between an idealized version of the instrumental Point Spread Function (PSF), and a map collecting point sources located at positions on the solar disk from where most of the flaring radiation is emitted. This convolution step has highly heuristic motivations and the shape of the idealized PSF, which depends on the user's choice, impacts the shape of the overall reconstruction. Here we propose the use of an interpolation/extrapolation process to avoid this user-dependent step, and to realize a completely unbiased version of CLEAN. Results: Applications to observations recorded by the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) on-board Solar Orbiter show that this unbiased release of CLEAN outperforms the standard version of the algorithm in terms of both automation and reconstruction reliability, with reconstructions whose accuracy is in line with the one offered by other imaging methods developed in the STIX framework. Conclusions: This unbiased version of CLEAN proposes a feasible solution to a well-known open issue concerning CLEAN, i.e., its low degree of automation. Further, this study provided the first application of an interpolation/extrapolation approach to image reconstruction from STIX experimental visibilities.