Shedding light on the $\Delta m^2_{21}$ tension with supernova neutrinos

TL;DR

This paper investigates how future supernova neutrino observations could help resolve the existing tension in the measurement of the solar neutrino mass squared difference, $ ext{Δ}m_{21}^2$, and improve parameter precision.

Contribution

It demonstrates that supernova neutrino data can either confirm the KamLAND measurement or increase the tension with solar data, and can also refine the measurement of $ ext{sin}^2 heta_{12}$.

Findings

Supernova neutrinos could match KamLAND's $ ext{Δ}m_{21}^2$ precision.

Supernova neutrinos could increase the tension with solar data beyond $5σ$.

Potential to reduce uncertainty on $ ext{sin}^2 heta_{12}$.

Abstract

One long-standing tension in the determination of neutrino parameters is the mismatched value of the solar mass square difference, $\Delta m_{21}^2$, measured by different experiments: the reactor antineutrino experiment KamLAND finds a best fit larger than the one obtained with solar neutrino data. Even if the current tension is mild ($\sim 1.5\sigma$), it is timely to explore if independent measurements could help in either closing or reassessing this issue. In this regard, we explore how a future supernova burst in our galaxy could be used to determine $\Delta m_{21}^2$ at the future Hyper-Kamiokande detector, and how this could contribute to the current situation. We study Earth matter effects for different models of supernova neutrino spectra and supernova orientations. We find that, if supernova neutrino data prefers the KamLAND best fit for $\Delta m_{21}^2$, an uncertainty similar to the current KamLAND one could be achieved. On the contrary, if it prefers the solar neutrino data best fit, the current tension with KamLAND results could grow to a significance larger than $5\sigma$. Furthermore, supernova neutrinos could significantly contribute to reducing the uncertainty on $\sin^2\theta_{12}$.