Data-driven Improved Sampling in PET

TL;DR

This paper introduces a data-driven iterative method to enhance PET scanner resolution beyond hardware limits by increasing sampling through virtual sub-line-of-response estimation, validated with simulations and real data.

Contribution

It proposes a novel iterative approach that uses maximum-likelihood estimation of virtual counts to improve PET resolution beyond physical detector constraints.

Findings

Significant resolution improvement demonstrated in simulations and real scans.

Reduction of depth-of-interaction effects in large crystals.

Method applicable to various PET scanner configurations.

Abstract

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanners are usually designed with the goal to obtain the best compromise between sensitivity, resolution, field-of-view size, and cost. Therefore, it is difficult to improve the resolution of a PET scanner with hardware modifications, without affecting some of the other important parameters. Iterative image reconstruction methods such as the ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm are able to obtain some resolution recovery by using a realistic system response matrix that includes all the relevant physical effects. Nevertheless, this resolution recovery is often limited by reduced sampling in the projection space, determined by the geometry of the detector. The goal of this work is to improve the resolution beyond the detector size limit by increasing the sampling with data-driven interpolated data. A maximum-likelihood estimation of the counts in each virtual sub-line-of-response (subLOR) is obtained after a complete image reconstruction, conserving the statistics of the initial data set. The new estimation is used for the next complete reconstruction. The method typically requires two or three of these full reconstructions (superiterations). We have evaluated it with simulations and real acquisitions for the Argus and Super Argus preclinical PET scanners manufactured by SMI, considering different types of increased sampling. Quantitative measurements of recovery and resolution evolution against noise per iteration for the standard OSEM and successive superiterations show promising results. The procedure is able to reduce significantly the impact of depth-of-interaction in large crystals, and to improve the spatial resolution. The proposed method is quite general and it can be applied to other scanners and configurations.