Design Analysis and Experimental Validation of Relaxation Oscillator-Based Circuit for R-C Sensors

TL;DR

This paper introduces a modified relaxation oscillator circuit capable of accurately measuring parallel R-C sensors, addressing limitations of existing designs, and validated through experiments with low error rates and practical water-level sensor testing.

Contribution

A novel dual-slope, charge transfer relaxation oscillator circuit for parallel R-C sensors, including analysis, design considerations, and error reduction techniques, validated experimentally.

Findings

Measured R-C sensors from 10 pF to 42 pF and 100 kΩ to 1 MΩ with less than 1.5% error.

Successfully tested with a fabricated water-level sensor, confirming practical applicability.

Analyzed non-idealities and implemented single-cycle averaging to improve accuracy.

Abstract

Relaxation oscillator-based circuits are widely used for interfacing various resistive and capacitive sensors. The electrical equivalent of most resistive and capacitive sensors is represented using a parallel combination of resistor and capacitor. The relaxation oscillator-based circuits are not suitable for parallel R-C sensors. In this paper, we propose a modified circuit for parallel R-C sensors. The proposed relaxation oscillator-based circuit is based on a dual-slope and charge transfer technique to measure the resistance and capacitance of parallel R-C sensors separately. In addition, the paper provides a detailed analysis and design considerations for the oscillator design by taking into account the various sources of non-idealities. A method to reduce the error by using single-cycle averaging is also introduced. To verify the analyzed design criteria, the circuit is tested with multiple operational amplifiers with different non-idealities. Experimental results verify the performance of the proposed circuit. The circuit is tested for a range from 10 pF to 42 pF and 100 k$\Omega$ to 1 M$\Omega$ for parallel R-C sensors with an error of less than 1.5\%. The circuit is tested with a fabricated water-level sensor. The result confirms the efficacy of the proposed circuit.