Experimental Single Electron 4D Tracking in IOTA

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the first 4D tracking of a single electron in a storage ring using a novel multi-anode photomultiplier tube, enabling detailed analysis of single-particle dynamics and chaotic behavior.

Contribution

It introduces a new experimental method for 4D single-electron tracking, allowing direct measurement of dynamical properties in particle accelerators.

Findings

First direct measurements of single-electron dynamical invariants

Observation of amplitude-dependent oscillation frequencies

Detection of chaotic behavior in single-electron trajectories

Abstract

This paper presents the results of the first experiments on 4D tracking of a single electron using a linear multi-anode photomultiplier tube. The reported technology makes it is possible to fully track a single electron in a storage ring, which requires tracking of amplitudes and phases for both, slow synchrotron and fast betatron oscillations. Complete tracking of a point-like object enabled the first direct measurements of single-particle dynamical properties, including dynamical invariants, amplitude-dependent oscillation frequencies, and chaotic behavior.