Controlling hydrocarbon transport and electron beam induced deposition on single layer graphene: toward atomic scale synthesis in the scanning transmission electron microscope

TL;DR

This paper explores controlling hydrocarbon contamination during electron beam induced deposition on graphene, demonstrating a method to maintain atomic cleanliness by using e-beam deposition to corral hydrocarbons at high temperatures.

Contribution

It introduces a novel strategy of using e-beam deposition to contain hydrocarbons, enabling atomic-scale synthesis on graphene at elevated temperatures.

Findings

Corralled hydrocarbons prevent unwanted deposition.

High-temperature cleaning reduces surface hydrocarbons.

E-beam deposition effectively controls hydrocarbon migration.

Abstract

Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a direct write technique for depositing materials on a support substrate akin to 3D printing with an electron beam (e-beam). Opportunities exist for merging this existing technique with aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy to achieve molecular- or atomic-level spatial precision. Several demonstrations have been performed using graphene as the support substrate. A common challenge that arises during this process is e-beam-induced hydrocarbon deposition, suggesting greater control over the sample environment is needed. Various strategies exist for cleaning graphene in situ. One of the most effective methods is to rapidly heat to high temperatures, e.g., 600 C or higher. While this can produce large areas of what appears to be atomically clean graphene, mobile hydrocarbons can still be present on the surfaces. Here, we show that these hydrocarbons are primarily limited to surface migration and demonstrate an effective method for interrupting the flow using e-beam deposition to form corralled hydrocarbon regions. This strategy is effective for maintaining atomically clean graphene at high temperatures where hydrocarbon mobility can lead to substantial accumulation of unwanted e-beam deposition.