A self-sustaining mechanism for Internal Transport Barrier formation in HL-2A tokamak plasmas

TL;DR

This paper investigates the formation and self-sustenance of Internal Transport Barriers in HL-2A tokamak plasmas through nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations, revealing stage-dependent physics mechanisms and a feedback loop involving zonal flows and electromagnetic perturbations.

Contribution

It introduces a new paradigm for ITB formation emphasizing stage-specific physics and proposes the concept of ITB self-sustainment driven by nonlinear interactions.

Findings

Fast ions stabilize ion-driven instabilities during ITB formation.

Electromagnetic effects dominate after ITB is established.

Large-scale zonal flows are crucial for ITB self-sustainment.

Abstract

The formation of Internal Transport Barrier (ITB) is studied in HL-2A plasmas by means of nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations. A new paradigm for the ITB formation is proposed in which different physics mechanisms play a different role depending on the ITB formation stage. In the early stage, fast ions, introduced by Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) ion system, are found to stabilize the thermal-ion-driven instability by dilution, thus reducing the ion heat fluxes and finally triggering the ITB. Such dilution effects, however, play a minor role after the ITB is triggered as electromagnetic effects are dominant in the presence of established high pressure gradients. We define the concept of ITB self-sustainment, as the low turbulence levels found within the fully formed ITB are consequences of large scale zonal flows, which in turn are fed by a non-linear interplay with large scale high frequency electromagnetic perturbations destabilized by the ITB itself.