Vortex loop dynamics and dynamical quantum phase transitions in 3D fermion matter

TL;DR

This paper explores vortex loop dynamics in 3D fermion matter post-quench, proposing vortex loops as quantized order parameters for dynamical quantum phase transitions, with implications for understanding non-equilibrium phases.

Contribution

It introduces vortex loops as a novel dynamical order parameter for DQPTs in 3D fermion systems and links their behavior to phase transitions.

Findings

Vortex loops form one-dimensional dynamical objects in 3D fermion models.

Number of vortex loops can distinguish non-equilibrium phases.

Vortex loops are robust under weak interactions.

Abstract

Over the past decade, dynamical quantum phase transitions (DQPTs) have emerged as a paradigm shift in understanding nonequilibrium quantum many-body systems. However, the challenge lies in identifying order parameters that effectively characterize the associated dynamic phases. In this study, we investigate the behavior of vortex singularities in the phase of the Green's function for a broad class of fermion lattice models in three dimensions after an instantaneous quench in both interacting and non-interacting systems. We find that the full set of vortices form one-dimensional dynamical objects, which we call \emph{vortex loops}. We propose that the number of such vortex loops can be interpreted as a quantized order parameter that distinguishes between different non-equilibrium phases. Our results establish an explicit link between variations in the order parameter and DQPTs in the non-interacting scenario. Moreover, we show that the vortex loops are robust in the weakly interacting case, even though there is no direct relation between the Loschmidt amplitude and the Green's function. Finally, we observe that vortex loops can form complex dynamical patterns in momentum space. Our findings provide valuable insights for developing definitions of dynamical order parameters in non-equilibrium systems.