A unified sedenion model for the origins of three generations of charged and neutral leptons, flavor mixing, mass oscillations and small masses of neutrinos

TL;DR

This paper introduces a unified sedenion algebra model explaining the existence of three lepton generations, their flavor mixing, mass oscillations, and tiny neutrino masses without relying on ad hoc Standard Model assumptions.

Contribution

It develops a novel sedenion algebra framework that naturally accounts for lepton generations, flavor mixing, and neutrino masses through higher-dimensional Dirac equations.

Findings

Sedenion algebra contains three non-associative octonion types corresponding to lepton generations.

The model explains the small neutrino masses and flavor oscillations intrinsically.

Higher-dimensional Dirac equations incorporate internal structural dynamics of leptons.

Abstract

We present a unified model without the need for an ad hoc Standard Model hypothesis; we explain why there are three generations of charged and neutral leptons, why neutrinos have a vanishingly small mass, and why flavor-mixing emerges and mass oscillations occur. We show that the sedenion algebra contains three types of non-associative octonion algebra, with each corresponding to a generation of leptons. By incorporating extra degrees of freedom, the generalized higher dimensional Dirac equation accounts for the internal structural dynamics. This study sheds light on the intrinsic physical properties of three generations of charged leptons and neutrinos and their distinctive spacetime structures.