The existence of distinguishable bases in three-dimensional subspaces of qutrit-qudit systems under one-way local operations and classical communication

TL;DR

This paper proves that all three-dimensional subspaces of qutrit-qudit systems have a distinguishable basis under one-way LOCC, solving an open problem and exploring implications for quantum state discrimination and channel capacities.

Contribution

It establishes the existence of distinguishable bases in three-dimensional subspaces under one-way LOCC and constructs examples with unique bases and entanglement-assisted spaces.

Findings

Every three-dimensional subspace has a distinguishable basis under one-way LOCC.

Existence of four-dimensional bipartite subspaces that are indistinguishable under one-way LOCC.

The environment-assisted classical capacity of any three-dimensional environment channel is at least log2 3.

Abstract

We show that every three-dimensional subspace of qutrit-qudit complex or real systems has a distinguishable basis under one-way local operations and classical communication (LOCC). In particular this solves an open problem proposed in [J. Phys. A, 40, 7937, 2007]. We construct a three-dimensional space whose locally distinguishable basis is unique and apply the uniqueness property to the task of state transformation. We also construct a three-dimensional locally distinguishable multipartite space assisted with entanglement. On the other hand, we show that four-dimensional indistinguishable bipartite subspaces under one-way LOCC exist. Further, we show that the environment-assisted classical capacity of every channel with a three-dimensional environment is at least $\log_2 3$, and the environment-assisting classical capacity of any qutrit channel is $\log_2 3$. We also show that every two-qutrit state can be converted into a generalized classical state near the quantum-classical boundary by an entanglement-breaking channel.