A pre-emphasis based on the gradient system transfer function reduces steady-state disruptions in bSSFP imaging caused by residual gradients

TL;DR

This paper presents a gradient pre-emphasis method based on the gradient system transfer function (GSTF) that effectively reduces residual gradient artifacts in bSSFP MRI imaging, especially with non-linear line-ordering schemes.

Contribution

The study introduces a GSTF-based gradient pre-emphasis technique that significantly diminishes artifacts caused by residual unbalanced gradients in bSSFP sequences.

Findings

GSTF-based pre-emphasis reduces artifact levels by up to 89%.

Simulations identify residual unbalanced gradients as the main cause of artifacts.

Phantom experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Abstract

Purpose: To examine whether an advanced gradient pre-emphasis approach based on the gradient system transfer function (GSTF) can mitigate artifacts caused by residual unbalanced gradients in Cartesian balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging with non-linear line-ordering. Theory and Methods: We implemented a gradient pre-emphasis based on the GSTF for bSSFP sequences with linear, centric and quasi-random ordering of the phase-encoding steps. Signal-, noise- and artifact levels were determined in phantom experiments. Furthermore, we simulated the phase accumulating in every TR interval of a Cartesian bSSFP sequence for the three different line-ordering schemes. Results: The simulations showed that the phase contribution arising from residual unbalanced phase-encoding gradients are the principal cause of steady-state disruptions in our sequence. In the phantom experiments, the GSTF-based gradient pre-emphasis approach reduced the artifact level in bSSFP images with non-linear line-ordering considerably. Compared to the linearly ordered measurement, the relative artifact intensity difference dropped by up to 89 %. Conclusion: A GSTF-based pre-emphasis approach can successfully mitigate residual unbalanced gradient artifacts in bSSFP imaging with non-linear line-ordering.