Swift/UVOT discovery of Swift J221951-484240: a UV luminous ambiguous nuclear transient

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a luminous, slow-evolving UV transient with ambiguous origin, possibly a tidal disruption event or AGN activity, characterized by high luminosity, broad absorption lines, and specific spectral features.

Contribution

First detection of a UV luminous transient with detailed spectral and photometric analysis, suggesting a possible tidal disruption event or active galactic nucleus activation.

Findings

Peak absolute magnitude of -23 mag

Bolometric luminosity of 1.1x10^45 erg/s

Spectroscopic features indicating outflows at coronal temperatures

Abstract

We report the discovery of Swift J221951-484240 (hereafter: J221951), a luminous slow-evolving blue transient that was detected by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory Ultra-violet/Optical Telescope (Swift/UVOT) during the follow-up of Gravitational Wave alert S190930t, to which it is unrelated. Swift/UVOT photometry shows the UV spectral energy distribution of the transient to be well modelled by a slowly shrinking black body with an approximately constant temperature of T~2.5x10^4 K. At a redshift z=0.5205, J221951 had a peak absolute magnitude of M_u,AB = -23 mag, peak bolometric luminosity L_max=1.1x10^45 erg s^-1 and a total radiated energy of E>2.6x10^52 erg. The archival WISE IR photometry shows a slow rise prior to a peak near the discovery date. Spectroscopic UV observations display broad absorption lines in N V and O VI, pointing toward an outflow at coronal temperatures. The lack of emission in the higher H~Lyman lines, N I and other neutral lines is consistent with a viewing angle close to the plane of the accretion or debris disc. The origin of J221951 can not be determined with certainty but has properties consistent with a tidal disruption event and the turn-on of an active galactic nucleus.