Computational Complexity in Algebraic Combinatorics

TL;DR

This paper explores the intersection of algebraic combinatorics and computational complexity, highlighting how complexity theory explains the difficulty of finding combinatorial formulas for key algebraic coefficients like Kronecker and plethysm coefficients.

Contribution

It discusses the limitations of combinatorial formulas in algebraic combinatorics and their implications for computational complexity, especially in relation to the GCT approach to P vs NP.

Findings

Kronecker and plethysm coefficients are central to understanding complexity barriers.

The study discredits GCT's approach to resolving P vs NP using these coefficients.

Understanding representation theoretic multiplicities is crucial for complexity lower bounds.

Abstract

Algebraic Combinatorics originated in Algebra and Representation Theory, studying their discrete objects and integral quantities via combinatorial methods which have since developed independent and self-contained lives and brought us some beautiful formulas and combinatorial interpretations. The flagship hook-length formula counts the number of Standard Young Tableaux, which also gives the dimension of the irreducible Specht modules of the Symmetric group. The elegant Littlewood-Richardson rule gives the multiplicities of irreducible GL-modules in the tensor products of GL-modules. Such formulas and rules have inspired large areas of study and development beyond Algebra and Combinatorics, becoming applicable to Integrable Probability and Statistical Mechanics, and Computational Complexity Theory. We will see what lies beyond the reach of such nice product formulas and combinatorial interpretations and enter the realm of Computational Complexity Theory, that could formally explain the beauty we see and the difficulties we encounter in finding further formulas and ``combinatorial interpretations''. A 85-year-old such problem asks for a positive combinatorial formula for the Kronecker coefficients of the Symmetric group, another one pertains to the plethysm coefficients of the General Linear group. In the opposite direction, the study of Kronecker and plethysm coefficients leads to the disproof of the wishful approach of Geometric Complexity Theory (GCT) towards the resolution of the algebraic P vs NP Millennium problem, the VP vs VNP problem. In order to make GCT work and establish computational complexity lower bounds, we need to understand representation theoretic multiplicities in further detail, possibly asymptotically.